What is Dynamic Language

Dynamic programming language is a term used broadly in computer science to describe a class of high-level programming languages that execute at runtime many common behaviors that other languages might perform during compilation, if at all. These behaviors could include extension of the program, by adding new code, by extending objects and definitions, or by modifying the type system, all during program execution. These behaviors can be emulated in nearly any language of sufficient complexity, but dynamic languages provide direct tools to make use of them. Many of these features were first implemented as native features in the Lisp programming language.

Examples

The following are generally considered dynamic languages:

• ActionScript
• BASIC
• BeanShell^[3]
• Clojure
• ColdFusion
• Common Lisp and most other Lisps
• Dylan
• Groovy^[4]
• E programming language
• Fancy
• Java programming language
• JavaScript
• VBScript
• MATLAB / Octave
• Lua
• Objective-C
• Perl
• PHP
• Powershell
• Python
• Ruby
• Smalltalk
• Tcl
• R
• Julia

Eval

Some dynamic languages offer an eval function. This function takes a string parameter containing code in the language, and executes it. If this code stands for an expression, the resulting value is returned. However, Erik Meijer and Peter Drayton suggest that programmers "use eval as a poor man's substitute for higher-order functions."^[5]

Object runtime alteration

A type or object system can typically be modified during runtime in a dynamic language. This can mean generating new objects from a runtime definition or based on mixins of existing types or objects. This can also refer to changing the inheritance or type tree, and thus altering the way that existing types behave (especially with respect to the invocation of methods).

Functional programming

Functional programming concepts are a feature of many dynamic languages, and also derive from Lisp.

Closures

One of the most widely used aspects of functional programming in dynamic languages is the closure, which allows creating a new instance of a function which retains access to the context in which it was created. A simple example of this is generating a function for scanning text for a word:

function new_scanner (word)
  temp_function = function (input)
    scan_for_text (input, word)
  end function
  return temp_function
end function

Note that the inner function has no name, and is instead stored in the variable temp_function. Each time new_scanner is executed, it will return a new function which remembers the value of the word parameter that was passed in when it was defined.
Closures^[6] are one of the core tools of functional programming, and many languages support at least this degree of functional programming.

Continuations

Another feature of some dynamic languages is the continuation. Continuations represent execution state that can be re-invoked. For example, a parser might return an intermediate result and a continuation that, when invoked, will continue to parse the input. Continuations interact in very complex ways with scoping, especially with respect to closures. For this reason, many dynamic languages do not provide continuations.

Reflection

Reflection is common in many dynamic languages, and typically involves analysis of the types and metadata of generic or polymorphic data. It can, however, also include full evaluation and modification of a program's code as data, such as the features that Lisp provides in analyzing S-expressions.

Macros

A limited number of dynamic programming languages provide features which combine code introspection and eval in a feature called macros. Most programmers today who are aware of the term macro have encountered them in C or C++, where they are a static feature which are built in a small subset of the language, and are capable only of string substitutions on the text of the program. In dynamic languages, however, they provide access to the inner workings of the compiler, and full access to the interpreter, virtual machine, or runtime, allowing the definition of language-like constructs which can optimize code or modify the syntax or grammar of the language.
Assembly, C, C++, early Java, and FORTRAN do not generally fit into this category.